
To evolve to a malignant state,
cells must acquire a broad range of novel properties: bypass normal signaling,
refractiveness to apoptosis, ability to metastasize, etc. A breakdown of the mechanisms
that safeguard genomic stability can be a powerful driving force to accelerate
such global cell transformation. Tumors are genetically very unstable. Shown on
the left is taken from a review article by Lengauer et al. In this figure, two
chromosomes (red and yellow) in tumors were visualized by FISH (fluorescence labeling
that can reveal individual chromosome). Most of these tumor cells lack at least
one of these chromosomes (each cell should have two each). On the right is a picture
showing abnormal chromosome (red) segregation in the yin6 mutant cells during
anaphase. While chromosomes are separated efficiently to the two poles in wild
type cells, they are not efficiently separated to the poles in the mutant. The
green bar is the spindle.